Brahma sutras
The Brahma Sūtras (Sanskrit: ब्रह्मसूत्राणि), also known as the Vedanta Sūtra (Sanskrit: वेदान्त सूत्र),[1][note 1] or as Shariraka Sūtra,[note 2] and Bhikshu-sūtra (latter two in monastic traditions),[note 3] are a Sanskrittext which criticizes the metaphysical dualism of the influential Samkhyaphilosophy,[5] and instead synthesizes and harmonizes divergent Upanishadic ideas and practices about the essence of existence, postulating Brahman as the only origin and essence of everything. It is attributed to the sages Bādarāyaṇa, who is also called Vyāsa (arranger), but probably an accumulation of incremental additions and changes by various authors to an earlier work, completed in its surviving form in approx. 400–450 CE.[6][note 4] The oldest version may be composed between 500 BCE and 200 BCE,[7][8] with 200 BCE being the most likely date.[9]
The Brahma Sūtras consist of 555 aphoristic verses (sutras) in four chapters,[10] dealing with attaining knowledge of Brahman.[1][11] Rejecting the smriti as a base of knowledge, it declares that the Vedic Upanishads are the only acceptable source of truth, infallible revelations describing the same metaphysical Reality, Brahman, which cannot be different for different people. The text attempts to synthesize and harmonize diverse and sometimes apparently conflicting vidyas("knowledges") of, and upasanas (meditation, worship) of the essence of existence, stating they are actually synonyms for Brahman. It does so from a bhedabheda-perspective,[1] arguing, as John Koller states: "that Brahman and Atman are, in some respects, different, but, at the deepest level, non-different (advaita), being identical."[12]
Women exploitation
Exploit women
https://ijsrst.com/home/issue/view/article.php?id=IJSRST1845266
GAP BODHI TARU
A GLOBAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES ( ISSN - 2581-5857)
Impact Factor: SJIF. 5.551, IIFS. 5.125 Globally peer-reviewed and open access Journal.
TUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA: FROM ANCIENT PERIOD TO MODERN AGE
Ms. Vibha Madan
Assistant Professor in Psychology, Govt P.G. College for women, Panchkula E-mail: vibhamadan510@gmail.com
GRAND ACADEMIC P0RTAL 'IUSf.ARCH JOOIIN.AL5
STA
Abstract
. . •
memorial women have been worshipped as deities and suppressed as insects at the same time. As time S0
mcemes1m .hd./ ,hd·iR
d thestatusoifwomenchangedinallaspectsoflife.Uptot eme 1aeva era,womensstatus a s1gn1i.cantly declined. She was viewed as being beneath man. 111e us 1m reign m n a e ..o a ec ne m women s posttion; move on, -ri. M 1· •
• I di I d d Ii • '
•• practises like pardha, sati, child marriage, prohibitions on widow marriage,.and the prevalen~e o f the joint family system have all contributed to the mis.treatment o f women. Though we are mdependent for smce l~st. seventy five years but still this male-dominated society has caught women to put her into the cage o fsocial restrictions. Women participation in the struggle ofIndia's independence is the otherface oftheir courage and bravery. Remember Rani Jhansi, Sarojini Naidu and Indira Gandhi who ushered a new age and brightfuture for women in India. Today role ofwoman in Indian society is notso much secondary as before. She has established a revolt against purdah system, sati, child marriage, female infanticide, dowry and permanent ban on the marriage o f widows. Now they have started participating freely in the political, economic, social and cultural affairs o f the nation. _Free India has her woman cabinet ministers ,ambassadors, scientists, leaders ,engineers, pilots, police and armed forces officers and magistrates as well. In Manusmiriti it has been said, 'God reside where women are respected' while in modern age Napoleon Bonaparte told, "The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world."Women, have a decisive influence on the future direction o f society because they raise and nurture the next generation. Now woman has proved to be superwoman and strong. She commands and deserves equal respect as men: The paper aims to distinguish between the ancient and contemporary status o f women in India.
Keywords: immemorial, deities, contempt, cradle, nurture, superwoman
,JNfiroDUCTION
"The greatest indicator of a society progression is the status of women that holds it up." Jawaharlal Nehru is credited with saying this about women. The status of women reflects a country's social, economic, and mental health. Women have been mentioned in our ancient books, such as the Vedas, for a long time. They have been given significant roles, such as the requirement that women be present for a yajna to be considered complete. They were worshiped as goddesses in the name of Durga, Parvati, Kali, and Sarasvati.ln our scriptures, women have been seen as a representation of spirituality and regarded as world's ideal housewives. Nevertheless, women were denied equality and rights in ancient Indian civilization.They have been mistreated and treated unfairly compared to men. Early on, social ills including dowry, the sati-system, child marriage, and female infanticide were very common .Women were previously referred to as the housekeepers. The idea that women are expected to get married, take care of the home and their in-laws, and give up all of their aspirations in order to fulfil those of their husbands and children was widely held and spread among other people. Nobody acknowledged or even considered the hopes and aspirations of women. Everyone believed that men were in charge of the household and governed the world, thus no one was concerned with the advancement or improvement ofwomen. They were prohibited from having ambition or pursuing a career. All oftheir goals were viewed as being ambiguous. Additionally, the women were excluded from education at the time because families believed that only males should have access to education and the opportunity to follow their aspirations. Women were often married off at a very young age against their will. Only a small number of families defied this custom and ensured that their daughters received the education they needed to lead fulfilling lives.These ladies, who were granted parental permission to pursue an education, ended up paving the way for other women to follow. They were the ones who inspired other women and encouraged them to pursue their goals as well. They effe~ted a transition that improved the position ofwomen in Indian society.The position ofwomen also improved as time passed and attained greater standards. The growth of women knowledge and self-awareness over time ~as ~acilitated their advancement Today women have more power. Women are also making progress and ~ucceedmg m every sector. Only when people change their constrictive attitudes and mindsets towards women will there be true female liberation.
GAP BODHJ TARU - Volume - VI
August2023
Special Issue on Indian Knowledge System
••• DACADEMIC PORTAL G~fSfAJCH JOU~NALS WOMEN IN ANCIENT IN
GAP BUUHl 11\.KU AGLOBAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES ( ISSN - 2581-5857)
5 125 Impact Factor: SJIF • 5.551, IIFS. • . Globally peer-reviewed and open access Journal.
""'-''~·-·~·.,:.?L~ ii " ' " " -
]
. h' • t d during this time and they were highly respected. Women were treated with respect in Womennsisexise ' .. • d d •• • ksTh
ey even played a prominent role in dec1s1on-makmg an a mimstrative tas • ey were royal homes, and th · · • h birth f • 1 l •
O
d on all topics and had a significant impact on pohtics. Whde t e a gir was not va ued m the eucae •• • t 1h'ld A•tId'1 dt
ically disadvantaged areas of the society, where pnonty was given o ma e c 1 ren. nc1en n 1a a so econom 1h'ld 1 • f&
had a lot of female foeticide. Most of the time, people want for a ma e c 1 ; as a resu t, praetises o aemale
infanticide and female foeticide have been used.
Position of women during Ancient Indus Valley civilization :-The reverence fo~ mothers is emphasised by the worship of the mother goddess. Women were treated fairly and had complete independence. They were given
equal honour in society as men.
Position of women in the Rig Vedic era :-Women continued to live in complete freedom and equality with men. In religious rituals, the role ofthe wife was elevated above that ofthe men in the home.
Later Vedic Period:-The rights to marry and education remain the same.Lowering of power in religious rituals was seen. She lost her dominant position in the household as religious ceremonies were increasingly administered by priests. It was during this time that rituals became more significant, and Brahmans gained more significance.During this time, both the rites' and the Brahmans' importance increased.Sons were still desired, but sati was not common. Women's status was lower than it was during the Rig Vedic era.Women were employed to
make baskets, embroider, and dye clothes.
The Upanishads era:- During this time, it was common for men from higher castes to marry women from lower castes.The rules of Panini regarding Abhi vadana (salutation as a sign of respect to elderly people in the house) demonstrate how the presence of wives from lower castes in homes and their interactions with women from higher castes degraded the status ofwomen and lowered the level of womanly culture in general.
Throughout the Sutras and Epics:-The bride is older, around 15 or 16. The complex procedures show that marriage was a spiritual tie rather than a legal agreement. The Grihya sutras provide specific guidelines for the right seasons for marriage and the requirements for the bride and the groom. The women were given permission to sing, dance, and have fun.
In general, Sati was not very common .Remarriage of a widow was permitted in specific situations.
Evidence from Epics: The Puranas, Mahabharata and Ramayana :-
The Puranas, the Mahabharata, and the Ramayana together make up India's epic literature. Awoman was viewed during this time as a live commodity that might be kept on the betting board, sold, or bought The Pandavas' attempt for Droupathi is an example. But the Ramayana and the Mahabharata also present us with quite opposing viewpoints. According to Bhisma, women were valued at this time. The Mahabharata has mentions that show women used to advise males on matters of religion and society.
During Maurya Empire:-The crucial piece of written evidence is Arthasastra, written by Chandragupta Maurya's brahman prime minister Kautilya explains that women had ownership rights over the stridhan, which was a gift given to a lady by her parents at the time of her marriage and afterwards increased by her husband.Stridhan typically took the form of jewellery, which was popular among many cultural groups as a practical means to transport extra money but might also contain specific rights to real estate.The institution of marriage was both secular and sacred.A widow may get remarried. In doing so, they sacrificed whatever inheritance rights they could have had from their spouses who had passed away.
During Gupta Dynasty:- Due to the Gupta Empire's achievements in literature and the arts, it is regarded as the classical era of Indian civilization.The Kama Sutra, a book about the numerous methods to experience pleasure, which is a respectable objective for Hindu males in the householder, or second stage, oftheir life, contains some information about the roles for aristocratic women.Women were supposed to have an education, engage in sexual activity, and be devoted wives.
As time moved on, the status of women changed in all aspects of life. Though Women were denied the political right to participate in assemblies throughout the Vedic era. Additionally, child marriages started to occur.In spite of the fact that the Vedic ideals of equality and unity started to wane over time, women's standing continued to decline significantly up to the medieval era. She was viewed as being beneath man. Beginning with the Muslim era, norms such as pardha, sati, child marriage, prohibitions on widow marriage, and the prevalence ofthe joint family system have led to a decline in women's standing in Indian society.
WQMEN IN MODERN AGE;
'"""--
The current Indian society, driven by ideas of equality and liberty and affected by globalisation, appears to have accepted a more elevated place for women.The position of modern women in India has changed ~tgnlfk~ntly. Indian women now have significantly more personal and social independence as well as more soc1al, pohtical, and legal rights. They can speak up passionately and courageously, which makes it easter for them to engage in
GAP BODHI TARU- Volume- VI
August2023
Special Issue on Indian Knowledge System
• v,.r,)...oY'{42 , \7 'y
'V9
GAP BODHI TARU
•• A GLOBAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES
( ISSN - 2581-5857)
Impact Factor: SJIF • 5.551, IIFS • 5.125
.ir.r: .m m :~ RAND ACADEMIC PORTAL
G • ,irsFARCH JC,Ofr~ALS
Globally peer-reviewed and open access journal
public aff~irs. It is ind!sputable that they are still exploited, subjected to prejudice, and constrained to the absurd idea of bemg domestic_ goddesses. In addition to ensuring women equality, the Indian Constitution also grants the State the ~ower to 1mpl~i:11ent positive discrimination in their favour in order to make up for the cumulative social,educational,andpohticaldisadvantagesthatwomenexperience.Amongthesignificantstatutorylaw t advance women rig ts an improve women's position are :-
•h d. so The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956
•
The Sexual Harassment ofWomen at Workplace (PREVENTION, PROHIBITION and REDRESSAL) Act, 2013 •
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
•
The Hindu Widow Re-marriage Act-1856
•
The Hindu Women Right to Property Act-1937
•
The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961
•
The Indecent Representation of Women Act-1987
•
The Commission ofSati (Prevention) Act, 1987
•
•
The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
The reform and upliftment programmes that led to a significant shift in women's status in modern India have had a big impact on women.The government has implemented a number of public programmes, reservations, and commissions to improve the status of women in India. The following are a few of the schemes:-
• Nirbhaya
• UJJWALA
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
• Nari Shakti Puraskar
• SWADHARGreh
• Mahila Shakti Kendras (MSK)
• Mahila Police Volunteers
• Women Helpline Scheme
• One stop center scheme
In conclusion, women have been significantly contributing to Indian society today in a variety of fields, such as politics, education, business, social services, arts and culture, sports, aerospace, journalism and media, science and technology, literature, entertainment, philanthropy, spiritual and religious.Infact ,the woman of "now" has totally changed. It is rightly said by an English writer, a woman is the full circle. Within her is the power to create, nurture and transform.
REFERENCES
[1] http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/List-of-Laws-Related-to-Women
[2] https: / /www.legalserviceindia.com/helpline/woman_rights.htm
[3] https://www.toppr.com/guides/essays/essay-on-status-of-women-in-india/
[4] https://www.scribd.com/document/456567452/StatUs-of-Women-in-lndia-From-Ancient-to-Modern- Age-pdf
[5] https://triumphias.com/blog/position-of-women-in-the-modern-indian-society-2/
[6] https://www.vedantu.com/english/status-of-women-in-india-essay
anization/women-in-ancient- [7] https://www.insightsonindia.com/society/role-of-women-and-womens-org
india/
GAP BODHI TARU - Volume • VJ \ - - \ ~ 43 August2023 f"'_/
Special Issue on Indian Knowledge System~
Into india theory
Into india theory
Into, Not Out Of: India Is Among the World’s Largest and Oldest Melting Pots – The Wire Science
Ancient-DNA Study Identifies Originators of Indo-European Language Family | Harvard Medical School
The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia | Science
Rigveda pdf link
https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:ae2594a5-577a-4bb7-ae5b-c654cd720507
All about trains
railway-station-named-after-the-gond-queen
trains
Kurla xpress
https://youtu.be/3j8sLIM0cng?si=LhiUONqIFVk_huk0
Goa velankanni….via dudhsagar falls
Mathan. And navin kumar
https://youtu.be/DFdhpc4krqA?si=aWqkW6oBFBJW7iJx
https://youtu.be/ofwPuSq_UKo?si=a5qu9caTsQGBPwb-
https://youtu.be/DFdhpc4krqA?si=sXG8DMBxR3oi6gkN
NAVIN KUMAR
https://youtu.be/ofwPuSq_UKo?si=k7N4abcu66BxVbmb
Falls
Falls
Palaruvi kollam
https://youtu.be/7oACHUbMh80?si=isZE605QXSBB3de
Javaathu bheeman falls tiruvannamalai
https://youtu.be/JLgVepwgfA0?si=2SbcmLqG2Xxqwc8I
Top ten in tamilnadu
https://youtu.be/tJEp6hsAPL8?si=UE26ul3g-23JWioY
Dangerous
https://youtu.be/Nb2xx5A2P1w?si=av9LB6ef7yQ_x1mj
Kookal kodai
https://youtu.be/KtZA2BFkAyA?si=T6nFD4QvYEYr4M98
Koomapatti chadragiri
https://youtube.com/shorts/jbIZqVsEwXM?si=cIRO0Iuuq8HyA8RA
Chennai schools
St. Ebba's (RK Salai) was founded in 1886. Wesley High School Royapettah was founded in 1818. CSI Bain School was founded in 1929. Ewarts was founded in 1919. MCC High School 1835. St. George's Anglo India (1735)
St.Bede's in Santhome since 1907
St Paul's School and Doveton Corrie in Puraswalkam are more than 150 years old.
Colleges
dtnext.in/news/chennai/institutions-that-educated-madrasis-732405